Canons of Taxation

A decent duty framework is one which is structured based on a suitable arrangement of standards (rules). The duty framework should find some kind of harmony between the enthusiasm of the citizen and that of expense specialists. Adam Smith was the principal financial specialist to build up a rundown of Canons of Taxation. These standards are still viewed as qualities or highlights of a decent assessment framework. Adam Smith gave following four significant groups of tax collection. 1. Standard of Equity The rule targets giving financial and social equity to the individuals. As indicated by this rule, each individual should pay to the legislature relying on his capacity to pay. The rich class individuals should pay higher charges to the legislature, on the grounds that without the assurance of the administration specialists (Police, Defense, and so forth ) they couldn't have earned and made the most of their salary. Adam Smith contended that the expenses ought to be corresponding to pay, I. e. , residents should pay the assessments in relation to the income which they separately appreciate under the insurance of the state. 2. Standard of Certainty As per Adam Smith, the duty which an individual needs to pay ought to be sure, not subjective. The citizen should know ahead of time how much assessment he needs to pay, at what time he needs to settle the duty, and in what structure the expense is to be paid to the legislature. At the end of the day, each duty ought to fulfill the standard of conviction. Simultaneously a decent assessment framework additionally guarantees that the administration is likewise sure about the sum that will be gathered by method of expense. 3. Group of Convenience The mode and timing of assessment installment ought to be beyond what many would consider possible, helpful to the citizens. For instance, land income is gathered at time of reap personal duty is deducted at source. Helpful duty framework will urge individuals to cover charge and will expand charge income. 4. Standard of Economy This rule expresses that there ought to be economy in charge organization. The expense of assessment assortment ought to be lower than the measure of duty gathered. It may not fill any need, if the charges forced are broad however are hard to manage. In this way, it would look bad to force certain assessments, in the event that it is hard to oversee. Extra Canons of Taxation v Activities and elements of the administration have expanded fundamentally since Adam Smiths time. Government are relied upon to keep up monetary strength, full business, lessen pay disparity amp; advance development and improvement. Expense framework ought to be to such an extent that it meets the prerequisites of developing state exercises. As needs be, present day financial specialists gave following extra groups of tax collection. 5. Ordinance of Productivity It is otherwise called the standard of financial ampleness. As indicated by this guideline, the duty framework ought to have the option to yield enough income for the treasury and the administration ought to have no compelling reason to fall back on shortage financing. This is a decent guideline to follow in a creating economy. 6. Group of Elasticity According to this ordinance, each assessment forced by the administration ought to be flexible in nature. At the end of the day, the salary from duty ought to be equipped for expanding or diminishing as indicated by the necessity of the nation. For instance, if the administration needs more pay at time of emergency, the expense ought to be fit for yielding more salary through increment in its rate. . Ordinance of Flexibility It should be effectively feasible for the specialists to reconsider the duty structure both as for its inclusion and rates, to suit the changing prerequisites of the economy. With changing time and conditions the duty framework should be changed absent a lot of trouble. The d uty framework must be adaptable and not unbending. 8. Standard of Simplicity The duty framework ought not be muddled. That makes it hard to comprehend and regulate and brings about issues of understanding and debates. In India, the endeavors of the legislature as of late have been to make the framework basic. 9. Ordinance of Diversity This rule expresses that the legislature should gather charges from various sources instead of focusing on a solitary wellspring of duty. It isn't fitting for the legislature to rely on a solitary wellspring of assessment, it might bring about disparity to the specific area of the general public; vulnerability for the administration to raise reserves. In the event that the duty income originates from expanded source, at that point any decrease in charge income by virtue of any one reason will undoubtedly be little.

Modern-day Witch Hunts :: essays research papers

Is the informer in every case sacred at this point? Is it safe to say that they were brought into the world toward the beginning of today as spotless as God's fingers? I'll mention to you what's strolling Salem-retaliation is strolling Salem. We are what we generally were in Salem, yet now the little insane youngsters are clanking the keys of the realm, and regular retribution composes the law! (p73, The Crucible) Arthur Miller's exemplary play, The Crucible, is about the witch-chases and preliminaries in seventeenth century Salem, Massachusetts. What begins with a few young ladies rehearsing European white enchantment in the forested areas raises to an enormous delirium, with the "afflicted" young ladies dishonestly blaming even the regarded ladies in the network of being witches. Anxious to "utterly squash the workers of the devil", church pioneers and townspeople demand attempting the blamed. The discipline for neglecting to admit to black magic is passing by hanging. At long last, many are hanged for nonexistent wrongdoings, for which no genuine confirmation is ever introduced, the main proof being the expression of a bunch of young ladies. Mill operator composed The Crucible as a corresponding to the anticommunist madness in the 1940's. It might likewise be viewed as a mirror to Hitler's Germany, and the pseudo-study of the time which directed "purity". Today, in any case, The Crucible demonstrates a similarity to a completely unique sort of social madness. Allegations of sexual-maltreatment against kid care suppliers and others are presently in some cases alluded to as "witch hunts" when the informers are associated with lying, as in Miller's play. Youngsters' promoters will obviously reveal to us that we should accept kids' cases of misuse, in light of the fact that, appallingly, it occurs. Nonetheless, an ongoing pattern has indicated that an ever increasing number of allegations are bogus, and in any event, when the blamed are discovered guiltless, their lives can be changed until the end of time. This paper will inspect the similitudes between Miller's The Crucible, and the sexu al-misuse "witch hunts" of today. Gordon Waugh, individual from Casualties Of Sexual Allegations (COSA) composes: †¦many individuals currently gain "victimhood" through guiding. Being a "victim" draws compassion. It clarifies the disasters, the disappointments, the hardships, the medical issues and the failure of life. It soothes individuals of a portion of life's regular weights: managing unpredictability, confronting things outside their ability to control, and tolerating obligation regarding choices and activities. Numerous instructors credit their customers' troubles to since quite a while ago covered "repressed" recollections of youth sexual maltreatment. They help customers to open these, and change their pasts. Customers cut off every previous tie with "families of origin" and encircle themselves just with other "survivors", to forestall affirmation or disavowal.

Writing an Effective APA Research Paper

Writing an Effective APA Research PaperAn efficient way to write a good APA research paper is to get hold of an APA research paper sample. While this may seem like an ideal situation, a lot of people fail to do so as they simply do not know what they are looking for in this document.A research paper sample is used by a lot of schools and universities to help them make sure that the paper that they write has substance. The reason why they use them is because many times they do not understand the fundamental concepts behind the various theories and terms that they study. It also helps them to be able to test the students' ability to understand the topics covered in the paper and make sure that they have the required skills to write one.Basically, an APA research paper sample will contain various strategies and insights that can help you be able to come up with a better idea for your paper. One of the best strategies is the APA brainstorming technique which allows you to come up with id eas on your own without having to explain it. Once you have figured out a concept or a generalization, you can come up with more detailed descriptions about it to fit the boundaries of the paper.There are also other strategies that are usually included in an APA research paper sample. One of these is brainstorming, which enables you to come up with original ideas and concepts for the specific topic of the paper. As you probably know, most students tend to use existing concepts as a basis for their ideas rather than coming up with original concepts. By using an APA research paper sample, you will be able to come up with more original ideas and you will be able to save time.You should also consider whether or not you need to read the entire APA research paper sample in order to work on the paper. If you think that you don't need to read it, then just skip it. However, if you really want to be able to read the entire document, you should spend some time going through it. This will allo w you to understand how it works and what it actually contains.Another important part of the APA research paper sample is the structure. Since the samples are generally of a single chapter, it will help you to have a clear understanding of how the chapters are related to each other. This way, you will be able to come up with a structure for your paper that is related to the information you want to cover.Another part of the APA research paper sample is the sections of the paper. This includes the introduction, the body, the conclusion, and the methods section. By reading through these sections, you will be able to come up with a clearer idea on how to structure your paper and what type of topics you should cover in it.One thing that you should always remember when you are looking for an APA research paper sample is that these are only examples. They will never tell you the exact format of your paper. The best thing that you can do is to work on it yourself in order to come up with th e best structure that fits your paper the best.

HRs Impact on Long Term Environmental Sustainability - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2499 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Essay any type Level High school Did you like this example? Introduction This essay focuses on the role of human resources (HR) in achieving environmental sustainability. It starts by very briefly explaining what environmental sustainability is, and why it is so important for individuals and organisations to contribute to achieving goals and targets related to sustainability. It next briefly explains what is meant by HR. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "HRs Impact on Long Term Environmental Sustainability" essay for you Create order Next it considers the ways in which HR managers are likely to be involved in supporting their organisations to reach sustainability targets. A focus on one organisation then allows some ideas to be developed that can form the basis of recommendations for improvement of environmental sustainability key to HR. Environmental sustainability is a component of the sustainable development concept. This concept is described as development à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987:43). Essentially, it argues that to sustain life both human and animal the provision of clean water and air, and energy obtained from renewable resources are vital (Sutton, 2004). Human Resource departments might not seem the natural home of a focus on environmental sustainability, as often the burden of responsibility in an organisation is placed on an operations ma nager. However, there is definitely a role to play for human resources. In researching this issue, care must be taken to include terms that encompass the HR function these can include Human Resource Management (HRM), Employment Services (ES), Human Capital, Personnel and others (Abusafia, 2012). HR Management Support for the Drive Towards Environmental Sustainability There is a range of HR activities that directly contribute to the environmental sustainability of an organisation. These often revolve around the development of green jobs and the infrastructure, training, personal development planning, performance management, communication, attitude monitoring and other aspects that go along with the creation of new posts, or new components of existing posts (Jackson, 2012). Liebowitz (2010) argues that the role of HR is more fundamental and deep seated than developing processes he suggests that the HR department has a very significant role to play in the creation of a companys sustainability culture, as it is professionally trained to change the attitudes and behaviours of employees, from senior executives to the most junior of staff (Liebowitz, 2010). Liebowitz also argues that HR managers are far removed from the old traditional personnel manager. Today, HR staff are likely to know much more about the business, and they use a human capital ma nagement approach to underpin the development of staff to achieve environmental objectives (Lebowitz, 2010). Wilkins (2014) identifies the skill to motivate and encourage employees to become engaged with sustainability programmes within an organisation as key to their success (Wilkins, 2014). In fact, Wilkins argues that to achieve success, three key components are necessary communication, education and motivation. Communication includes good environmental practice for employees (reducing energy use), and highlighting individual and organisational environmental achievements (Wilkins, 2014). Education can be used to provide employees with practical information about integrating environmental objectives into their daily work, for example, engaging in recycling activities; this can also improve productivity as all staff are working towards a common purpose (Wilkins, 2014). Motivation in the form of an environmentally focussed rewards programme can ensure that employees remain committe d, and can actually help retention of valuable staff (Wilkins, 2014). Cohen et al (2012) suggest that one influencing factor on the role HR plays in supporting environmental sustainability, will be the motivations behind the organisations move towards more sustainable operations and strategies. They argue that the route taken may make the HR contribution easier or more difficult. They identify a values-based route, a strategic route and a defensive route. The first is associated mostly with the personal principles of the founders of small businesses some of which may have become much larger (Cohen et al, 2012). The second is those businesses that identify opportunities in redesigning products or services to expand into markets where environmental characteristics are valued (Cohen et al, 2012). Lastly, the defensive route occurs when companies come under pressure to change their approach, perhaps because of a pollution incident (Cohen et al, 2012). It is clear that each of these routes will have a different impact on the work of the HR manager: where the business chooses to commit to environmental objectives, there is likely to be a positive culture, whilst companies forced into accepting change in environmental attitudes are likely to generate at least some resistance (Harmon et al, 2010). What the above discussion shows is that there is motivation for HR managers and departments to become involved in supporting a move towards environmental sustainability in their organisation. There are a number of HR tools that can be used to embed such sustainability objectives into an organisation. There are four main areas where such tools may be deployed: employee attraction and selection; employee training, development and compensation; creating a sustainable organisational climate; and, management support and communication (Cohen et al, 2012). Having a good environmental profile has been found to attract high quality employees (Government of Canada, n.d.), and t o retain these employees for longer than average retention periods (Ernst Young, 2013), and the HR department can therefore use a commitment to environmental sustainability in their job advertising, ensuring that they have an edge over their competitors (Ernst Young, 2013). To maintain and energise staff to commit to environmental processes, i.e. to motivate employees (Human Resource Excellence, 2012) it is necessary to provide targeted training, for example, in life cycle analysis to reduce inefficiency and waste, and to include formal evaluations of such commitment i.e. targets to be achieved in job plans (Manufacturing Skills Australia, 2015). Changing an organisations culture is often the most challenging, but also the most necessary approach. While there may be commitment at the senior management level, this is likely to decline the further down the organisational hierarchy you go (Petrini and Pozzebon, 2010). This is especially true in traditional industries, such as constru ction, where male dominated heavy labour has little cultural awareness of environmental issues (Built Environment Sustainability Training, 2014). Management support through communication that relates to employees lives can indicate an overall organisational commitment to environmental sustainability, and can encourage people to integrate environmental principles throughout their daily lives (Fleischer, 2009). HR can assist in all of these areas through training, communication, incentivisation, PDP and other such tools. The following section provides some recommendations for such actions in one organisation. Recommendations for Improving Environmental Sustainability Through HR The organisation chosen for the case study is a construction company, McGregor Construction, which is located in the Scottish Highlands. This company was formed in 1977, but has previous history going back 132 years (McGregor Construction n.d.). Annual turnover is around  £9.5 million, and the company covers the construction spectrum, including building projects for hospitals, sports stadiums, shopping centres, council housing, and private housing (McGregor Construction, n.d.). Work includes both new build and repairs to existing properties, some of these being very old and architecturally important. It has 68 employees, many of whom have been with the company for a long time (Endole, 2015). . The employee profile is important in that it is largely male (80%), and largely older age groups, with 63% in the 40 56 years age bracket, and 7% in the 57 70, 5% in the 70+, while 15% is in the 25 39 years and 10% in the 18 24 bracket. Many of the older employees are highly ski lled, not only in modern building techniques but in traditional craft based skills building techniques. The company has come under increasing pressure to develop a strategic and operational approach to environmental management. This pressure has arisen partly from the industry itself, as the construction sector has made substantial efforts to integrate sustainability objectives into the activities and functions of the industry (European Commission, 2012). It has also arisen from pressure through the supply chain as McGregor is a supplier of services to a number of large customers, who have a commitment to greening their supply chains. Finally, the company is aware that they are not as efficient as they could be in managing their energy use and waste, and are seeking to improve these aspects to save money. The five main environmental objectives the company has identified are: to reduce waste throughout the company by 40% in the next year, to reduce fuel use and on site energy use d combined by 40% in the next year, to increase the use of recycled materials by 10%, and to support community environmental objectives, and to reduce on site noise pollution, again all in the next financial year. There are a number of recommendations that can be made to support the HR manager who is assisted by one member of staff for administrative purposes in achieving these objectives. Using the four main areas of HR related improvement identified by Cohen et al (2012), a range of specific actions may be taken. First, employee attraction and selection. One HR tool is to integrate the selection of new employees with the long term environmental strategy of the company so for all future employees it is recommended that an environmental component is built into job plans or descriptions. Specifically, waste management and energy use reduction should be a target tasked for all new employees. This should be followed up by the inclusion of environmental stewardship questions as part of the interview process; candidates could even be asked to give a very short presentation on the importance of environmental management in the construction industry. By using these tools, it not only signals to prospective employees that the company is seriously committed to environmental improvement, and that if they are employed they will be expected to contribute. It may also attract individuals who might otherwise have ignored a small company in favour of finding a large one with an established sustainability strategy. Second, employee training, development and compensation. Here HR can have a substantial input. Environmental training programmes can be devised and be mandatory for all staff (CIPD, 2015), with specific focus for some staff on certain issues. For example, for people labouring or working actually in building processes, a focus on the handling of materials and reduction of waste would be a sensible inclusion. Training for all staff on energy conservation i .e. switching off machinery, lights and so on when not required, would be an easy initial approach. Training programmes should be aligned with the companys environmental objectives, so that the training can directly feed into the achievement of the objectives. Compensation is a useful approach, and can be operationalised by HR in a number of ways. For example, Intel uses an Environmental Excellence award programme, which incentivises environmental behaviour through peer review of nominations for environmental innovation (Patton, 2013). One outcome was the reduction of energy consumption of chillers, boiler plants and vacuum pumps that in just one factory is estimated to save $38 million (Patton, 2013). On a much smaller scale, such a programme could be supported and instigated in McGregors with innovations in material recycling, energy use reduction, fuel saving, building technologies and techniques and carbon reduction as expected outcomes. Third is the creation of a sustainabl e organisational climate. Here HR can contribute by using sustainability oriented entry, performance and exit practices (Verburg and Den Hartog, 2006), as long as senior management recognises the importance of integrating HR into the overall company sustainability strategy (Putter, 2010). In achieving a sustainability oriented climate, HR can be especially useful in supporting the work of line managers in recruiting more employees, managing their environmental performance, and ensuring that when they leave they do so with substantial environmental awareness, and respect for what the company have done. Indeed, if HR integrates environmental issues across the whole company through workforce planning then this directly feeds into the organisational climate (Petrini and Pozzebon, 2010) The final area of recommendations is for management support and communication. It is vital that the company directors and senior managers demonstrate absolute commitment to environmental sustainability and they should lead by example. An employee of the month scheme could be instituted with public recognition of an individuals environmental achievements being a well recognised effective approach (Silverman, 2004). Employees seeing that senior managers are rewarding such behaviours are likely to engage with further activities when they are introduced by HR through the tools previously described. Conclusions It is clear the HR has a substantial role to play in the integration of environmental sustainability in any organisation and has an increasing range of tools and systems that can be used to achieve this. References Abusafia, A. (2012). Rebranding of the Human Resources Department. Available at: https://hr-management.hr.toolbox.com/groups/strategy-administration/management-staff/rebranding-of-the-human-resources-department-4671333 Built Environment Sustainability Training. (2014).Summary Skills Needs Analysis for Waste in Construction. Cardiff: Built Environment Sustainability Training. CIPD. (2015). Environmental and Sustainability Policy. Available at: https://www.cipd.co.uk/cipd-hr-profession/about-us/environmental-sustainability-policy.aspx Cohen, E., Taylor, S., and Muller-Camen, M. (2012). HRMs Role in Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility. Alexandria VA: SHRM Foundation. Endole. (2015). McGregor Construction (Highlands) Limited. Available at: https://www.endole.co.uk/company/SC061518/mcgregor-construction-highlands-limited Ernst Young. (2013). Role of HR in Driving Sustainable Business Practices. Kolkata India: Ernst Young. European Commission. (2012). CO MMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL Strategy for the sustainable competitiveness of the construction sector and its enterprises /* COM/2012/0433 final. Brussels: European Commission. Fleischer, D. (2009). Three Tips for Engaging Employees in Sustainability. Available at: https://www.triplepundit.com/2009/09/employee-engagement-three-tips-for-engaging-employees-in-sustainability/ Government of Canada. (n.d.). SME Sustainability Roadmap. Available at: https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/csr-rse.nsf/eng/rs00591.html Harmon, J., Fairfield, K. D., and Wirtenberg, J. (2010). Missing an Opportunity: HR Leadership in Sustainability. People and Strategy, 33(1), pp. 16-21. Human Resource Excellence. (n.d.). Importance of Human Resource Management. Available at: https://www.humanresourceexcellence.com/importance-of-human-resource-management/ Jackson, S.E. (2012). The Role of Human Resource Management in Achieving Environmental Sustainability. In: S.E. Jackson,. D.S. Ones., and S. Dlichert. (eds.) (2012). Managing Human Resources for Environmental Sustainability. San Francisco CA: Jossey Bass. Liebowitz, J. (2010). The Role of HR in Achieving a Sustainability Culture. Journal of Sustainable Development, 3 (4), pp. 50 57. Manufacturing Skills Australia. (2015). Planning and Procedures. Available at: https://sustainabilityskills.net.au/what-is-sustainability/sustainability-practice/strategy-and-management/planning-and-procedures/ McGregor Construction. (n.d.) The Company. Available at: https://www.mcgregors.net/index.php Patton, C. (2013). Rewarding Best Behaviours. Human Resource Executive [online] 09 December. Available at: https://www.hreonline.com/HRE/view/story.jhtml?id=534356443 Petrini, M., and Pozzebon, M. (2010). Integrating Sustainability Into Business Practices: Learning from Brazilian Firms. Brazilian Administration Review, 7 (4), pp. 362 378. Putter, L. (2010). Organizational Climate and Perfor mance. Delft: Delft University of Technology. Silverman, D. (2004). Non-Financial Recognition: The Most Effective of Rewards? Brighton: Institute for Employment Studies. Sutton, P. (2004). A Perspective on Environmental Sustainability? Fairfield, Victoria: Green Innovations. Verburg, R.M., and Den Hartog, D.N. (2006). Human Resource Management for Advanced Technology. In R.M. Verburg., R.J. Ortt., and W.M. Dicke,W.M. (Eds.) (2006). Managing Technology and Innovation: An Introduction. London: Routledge. Wilkins, S. (2014). How HR Can Drive Sustainability. HR [online] 30 April. Available at: https://www.hrmagazine.co.uk/article-details/how-hr-can-drive-sustainability World Commission on Environment and Development. (1987). Our Common Future. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

African Americans And The Criminal Justice System

Introduction African American males are overrepresented in the criminal justice and many times are subject to harsher sentences than their Caucasian counterparts. African American males also experience racial profiling and have more negative interactions than any other population in the United States. Ibie, Obie, and Obiyan states, â€Å"African Americans have continued to be the repository for American crime and to be treated as amalgamation of presumed group trait rather than as individuals†. This topic is important because African American adolescents are less likely to be referred to rehabilitation or diversion programs and more likely to be sent to juvenile and/or prison. History has not been kind to African Americans and the injustices experienced by African Americans in the criminal justice system is extremely high. According to Weatherspoon, â€Å"The Supreme Court condoned and perpetuated many of the present day stereotypical biases concerning African Americans in the landma rk decision of Dred Scott v. Sanford†. Over that past few years, with the advent of social media, the world is becoming more aware of the injustices and brutality suffered by African American males in the justice system. Many view this as a new phenomenon, but others know this abuse has always occurred, it is just now there are cameras taping the violence. Many people are waking up to what is occurring, but there are many others who are denial and who refuse to acknowledge the oppression and racismShow MoreRelatedAfrican Americans And The Criminal Justice System Essay1688 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many ways the criminal justice system plays a huge role in the discrimination against all people of color. 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The criminal justice system, according to the Oxford Dictionaries (2010), is defined as â€Å"the system of law enforcement that is directly involved in apprehendingRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1199 Words   |  5 Pagesperceptions on the American criminal justice system? Michelle Alexander was able to accomplish that by altering some people s entire perception on the American criminal justice system by focusing on our most pressing civil right issues of our time for some of those who did read her book The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration In The Age of Colorblindness. Michelle Alexander stated that The most despised in America is not gays, transgenders, nor even illegal immigrants - it is criminals. That was anRead MoreRacial Discrimination And The Criminal Justice System1512 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough saying the criminal justice system is racist is a controversial statement, there is evidence and statistics that prove it to be true. Research and evidence validate the issue of racism to be undeniable. Equality and justice are out of reach with the racism that takes place in our criminal justice syste m and our country. Racial discrimination is prevalent amongst the African American culture in issues regarding drug use, and incarceration which creates unfair inequality for this race. I will

The Pax Gene Family Encodes For Highly Conserved Dna...

Introduction The Pax gene family encodes for highly conserved DNA-binding transcription factors that play a vital role in embryonic development. All Pax proteins have a paired-box, DNA-binding domain of 128 amino acids located at the amino-terminal end, and is very highly conserved in Drosophila melanogaster, human, and mouse genes (Mansouri et al. 1996). Each different paralogous Pax gene has a crucial role in D. melanogaster and vertebrate development in terms of morphogenesis, organogenesis, cell differentiation, and oncogenesis (Mansouri et al. 1996). However, in this paper, the importance of Pax6’s discovery, mutations, and signaling pathway will be emphasized. It is worthy to note that Pax6 does not operate in a hierarchical linear signaling pathway but instead, in a massive network with numerous feedback loops. It is impossible to cover all possible feedback loops; therefore, the focus of the signaling pathway will be on the lens placode. The Pax6 gene was originally fo und in D. melanogaster corresponding to the eyeless locus (Mansouri et al. 1996). While Pax6 is most famous for its function eye development, it is also prevalent in the pancreas and nervous system development. Since Pax6 encodes a transcription factor that is involved in so many developmental pathways in the eye, pancreas, and nervous system, there is a wide spectrum of defects (Davis et al. 2008). The most common defect is aniridia (absence of the iris) which occurs due to a nonsense mutation

Configuring Firms for International Business Sample for Students

Question: Identify the Core Problem Configuring Firms for International Business. Answer: Introduction This section provides overview of the paper; it identifies the core problem to be discussed in configuring firms for international business. Provides an analysis of all problems identified and other alternatives in addition it discusses about the recommendation. The core problem answers major questions regarding Lundbecks structure in Asia. Analysis of the study shows that most markets are trying to get better positions of the market assets. It also discusses the four measures put in place that drives Lundbecks framework which included speed, specialization, compromise and results. A well established business culture in overall market firms will also be analysed as the key point in configuring international firms. Other alternatives will discuss various divided levelled structure which provides larger business task of subdividing the big sections of business association into semi free get-togethers. The recommendations for this case are to introduce a win-win situation that will help configure the firms. They also have to adjust and adapt in different cultural setting. Framework put in place will be an important administration handle for responding to customers change and demand, arranging focus on CNS, revealing strategies of carrying out business and controlling the whole regard chain from R and D to bargains. Problem Statement: The vice president of Lundbeck Michael Anderson and a driver of a pharmaceutical firm in Denmark presented questions regarding Lundbecks structure in Asia. The major points enquired about were; how to get a position of the market assets, problems associated with culture and business and conflict between Rajar and Jun. Analysis In 2005, the Asian market of pharmaceutical had near to 20 percent in general of the industry which was standing at 97.4 billion dollars. This was a rate improvement of each penny of 6.4 a year that was not supposed to change but persist for an additional important drawn-out period (Ajami, 2010). However, most markets in Asia are not the same. Therefore, most markets are trying to get a better position of the market assets. Example in this case is Japan which is the best Asian market standing at each penny of 55 of the whole market and had an increment of 2.4 percent rate per year. China on the other side had an increased rate of more than a percentage of 20 each year and stands at 17.5 for each penny. South Korea is another greatest Asian market together with India, having 8.3% and 8.1% respectively. Other markets stand a percentage rate of 11.3 in each year. (Wang, 2002) Rajar had a wide association throughout Asia with Lundbeck. He greatly likes to help the country directors of Asia ensure their business grows and out of the good achievement he was rewarded. Rajar was placed around executing the Asian Lundbeck system. His success was determined by how good he could build the Asian region and implement that method. Rajar being a timely communicator he gave clear values to Jun who had clear cravings that could reveal a way for Lundbeck Korea which took after the techniques of Lundbeck. Rajar played a big part in organizations and his presence was very important. He also took part in dealing with social affairs and the Asian country chiefs gathering. With the high opinion of administrator Michael Anderson, the association which attempts to involve his principles should pick Rajar to work for them. Since he thinks of the whole firm and ensures the missions and destinations of the association is fulfilled. In case of any issues coming up he definitely wi ll be the appropriate probability to settle conflicts that might arise in the firm. (Lundbeck, 2010) Four measures have been put in place which drives Lundbecks framework, they include; speed, specialization, blend and results. Under speed, the framework uses its small size as excellent position, the aim was to ensure and keep up short important authority handle that will act fast to an increasing market force. In addition, the reason of using small size is for the market to adapt on how to act to risk and how to keep up business practises that are good. For specialization, Lundbeck aim involves; streamlining its major things, advancing CNS business, improve its procedures and business frameworks. To achieve this he focused on passing its news on, displaying resourceful things and maintaining an engaged cost structure. Lundbeck concentrated more on the CNS pharmaceutical range through specialization unlike its opponents who focused on covering a wider part that put more emphasis on broad variety of human administration things and pharmaceutical items. Under compromise Lundbecks aim is changing into a pharmaceutical firm. For the framework to achieve the change, it tried to continue to create strong abilities throughout the market chain that is from data and control of research to pharmaceutical firm, advancing and bargaining. Finally the results were expected to provide reliability to whole deal to its share hold at this moment. Lundbeck had in mind that minimal size firm offers good position for about 70 percent that puts it in a position to set up many assistants. This will eventually settle the conflict arising from different societies due to different business cultures and the aim of Lundbeck is to modify his own way of providing to others. (Bardy, Massaro, Zanin, 2014) Alternatives Various divided levelled structure provides larger business task of subdividing the big sections of business association into semi free get-togethers. The semi free business sections are independently focused on a fixed part of the associations organization. The divided structures also include a couple of parallel gatherings that focuses on a single organisation line. Division of sections are favourable because it allows gathering to focus mainly on one thing or organization with specialists structure which sponsors its main targets. By having pioneer of its own, the division most likely would get all the benefits it wants from the association. For instance in this case, Lundbeck view Asia as a nearby division containing of ten helpers that joined China each having a comparative brand image. However, the different procedures of cooperating their image to be recognized by the whole society , area, district and the public differentiated them which results to improvement in self-governi ng specifically fitted in every area. The advantage of having these divisions is that it provides support, control, course and bearing of reinforcements in the region by Lundbeck. It has the ability of providing control over its allocation, displaying and bargains. At the end it will allow Lundbeck to join Asian market in to its system of speed, specialization, blend and results. The traditional structure is the preferred legitimate structure that suits Lundbeck Korea because it keeps up its image and targets. If Andersen separates Lundbeck Asia from Lundbeck Korea the results will be both negative and positive. On the positive side of the result is that, the separation would allow more development in the market, a mindful social complexity that improves openness amongst neighbourhood. As an outcome of the good conditions, culture of trust will be created. On the other side, the separation would lead to negative outcome which is discussed as the disadvantages brought about by the separation which would result to an ideal condition whereby advertisement and exhibition will be hindered and the movement from the divisions nearby will be disconnected. Also by Andersen separating Lundbeck Asia from Lundbeck Asia there would be alot of burden that could make Lundbeck Korea remain as the major market center and above Lundbeck Asia. The identities of clashing adminis tration could also disconnect the parent division and the backup. In conclusion, if Lundbeck Asia separates from Lundbeck Korea, it possibly would lose support from South Korea and note worthy strong interconnection. (Andersen, 2005) Recommendations: A win-win circumstance is considered to address Anderson issues and will not make Rajar or Jun to leave the organisation. The recommendation on this case would be that the win-win situation should ensure both Jun and Rajar stay in an organization. This will help provide Jun with more opportunities and at the same time Rajar being around he will help regulate operations because of the previous experience he has that makes him well experienced in Asia business. In addition to this the aim is to fulfill the need of each part and therefore keeping them together will be a great idea. As much as their might be strictness relating with each other, they have to identify the idea they share and the criteria they use in approaching circumstances. They also have to adjust and adapt in different cultural setting. Speed as a framework when put in place will be an important administration handle for responding to customers change and demand Reference Ajami, R. (2010). Asia-Pacific Business Practices and Realignments.Journal of Asia-Pacific Business,11(2), 75-77. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10599231.2010.481184. Andersen, M. (2005). Special Issue of the International Business Review The changing Chinese culture and business behavior.International Business Review,14(6), 795-796. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2005.08.003. Bardy, R., Massaro, M., Zanin, F. (2014). Levers of control and knowledge sharing in alliances among Large Firms and Small Firms in the pharmaceutical industry. Management Control , (2), 121-142. https://dx.doi.org/10.3280/maco2014-002006. Lundbeck. (2016, December 24). Lundbeck worldwide. Retrieved March 1, 2017, from https://lundbeck.com/us/about-us/lundbeck-worldwide Lundbeck expands the agreement with Teva to include marketing of Azilect in selected Asian countries (OMX: LUN). (2010, February 24). Retrieved March 1, 2017, from https://investor.lundbeck.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=608603. Wang, N. (2002). China and the Global Business Revolution (review).China Review International,9(2), 507-514. https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cri.2003.0121.

Eloise Greenfield and Shel Silverstein Essay Example

Eloise Greenfield and Shel Silverstein Paper The children’s poems of Eloise Greenfield and Shel Silverstein feature distinctly different types of imagination and narrative voices.   In Greenfield, the narrator’s imagination revolves around her experience as a black female child, and her reflections are both escapist and deeply aware of her heritage.   In Silverstein, on the other hand, imagination does not draw from ethnic experience but is instead much more whimsical and addressed to both adults and children.In Honey, I Love, Greenfield (an African-American) writes poems that draw from the black urban experience.   Her speaker in the sixteen poems is a black girl (made clear by the illustrations) who rhapsodizes about her daily experiences – her likes and dislikes, the people around her, and her connections to her roots.   The opening poem, for which the book is named, is a breathless declaration of things the speaker likes: â€Å"My uncle’s car is crowded and there’s lots of food to eat/We’re going down the country where the church folks like to meet/I’m looking out the window at the cows and trees outside/Honey, let me tell you that I LOVE to take a ride. . . . (3)   This poem sets the tome for the rest by showing how children conceive of their own senses.In â€Å"By Myself,† the speaker retreats into her own imagination more directly than elsewhere in the collection: â€Å"When I’m by myself/And I close my eyes/I’m a twin/I’m a dimple in a chin/I’m a room full of toys/I’m a squeaky noise/I’m a gospel song/I’m a gong/I’m a leaf turning red/I’m a loaf of brown bread. . . .†   (34) Imagination here seems to be an escape from the mundane world.   Greenfield does not mention anything traumatic, but because the speaker is an African-American living in the urban North (as other poems imply), one can imagine that her surroundings are not idyllic.   Greenfield does not depict bitterness or hardship, but she does allude to her heritage in â€Å"Harriet Tubman:†Ã‚   â€Å"Harriet Tubman didn’t take no stuff/Wasn’t scared of nothing neither/Didn’t come in this world to be no slaves/And wasn’t going to stay one neither. . . .† (30)Silverstein, who was white and something of a counterculture figure, puts more whimsy into A Light in the Attic, and less of the child’s point of view than one finds in Greenfield.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Stop Thief† is a good example: â€Å"Policeman, policeman,/Help me please./Someone went and stole my knees./I’d chase him down but I suspect/My feet and legs just won’t connect.†Ã‚   (13)   His humor is less sweet than Greenfield, slyer and more openly comical; he writes as an adult using children as his subject and part of his audience.   In the limerick â€Å"Crowded Tub,† he draws on a common childhood experience:   â€Å"There’s too many kids in this tub./There’s too many elbows to scrub./I just washed a behind/That I’m sure wasn’t mine,/There’s too many kids in this tub.†Ã‚   (86)He uses a more objective voice than Greenfield, and while he writes from the child’s point of view, he also adds insights into children’s behavior that only an adult may have.   In â€Å"Friendship,† he comments on children’s bossiness with a jocular tone (indeed, he does not scold or moralize), and even his more bizarre poems lack malice or harm.   â€Å"Quick Trip,† which spreads a four-line poem across a four-page drawing of a lizard-like creature, is more humorous than frightening: â€Å"We’ve been caught by the quick-digesting Gink/And now we’re dodgin’ his teeth . . ./And now we are restin’ in his intestine/And now we’re back out on the street.†Ã‚   (116-119)   Silverstein depicts being swallowed by a monster as funny , with the speaker unharmed.Greenfield roots imagination more in everyday experiences and the kinds of escapist thought that a child like she might have been would have conceived.   Silverstein, meanwhile, draws less from experience and more from whimsy and humor, using a voice both adult and child-like.   Both authors rely on humor and imagination, albeit in different ways. Eloise Greenfield and Shel Silverstein Essay Example Eloise Greenfield and Shel Silverstein Essay The children’s poems of Eloise Greenfield and Shel Silverstein feature distinctly different types of imagination and narrative voices.   In Greenfield, the narrator’s imagination revolves around her experience as a black female child, and her reflections are both escapist and deeply aware of her heritage.   In Silverstein, on the other hand, imagination does not draw from ethnic experience but is instead much more whimsical and addressed to both adults and children.In Honey, I Love, Greenfield (an African-American) writes poems that draw from the black urban experience.   Her speaker in the sixteen poems is a black girl (made clear by the illustrations) who rhapsodizes about her daily experiences – her likes and dislikes, the people around her, and her connections to her roots.   The opening poem, for which the book is named, is a breathless declaration of things the speaker likes: â€Å"My uncle’s car is crowded and there’s lots of food to eat/We’re going down the country where the church folks like to meet/I’m looking out the window at the cows and trees outside/Honey, let me tell you that I LOVE to take a ride. . . . (3)   This poem sets the tome for the rest by showing how children conceive of their own senses.In â€Å"By Myself,† the speaker retreats into her own imagination more directly than elsewhere in the collection: â€Å"When I’m by myself/And I close my eyes/I’m a twin/I’m a dimple in a chin/I’m a room full of toys/I’m a squeaky noise/I’m a gospel song/I’m a gong/I’m a leaf turning red/I’m a loaf of brown bread. . . .†   (34) Imagination here seems to be an escape from the mundane world.   Greenfield does not mention anything traumatic, but because the speaker is an African-American living in the urban North (as other poems imply), one can imagine that her surroundings are not idyllic.   Greenfield does not depict bitterness or hardship, but she does allude to her heritage in â€Å"Harriet Tubman:†Ã‚   â€Å"Harriet Tubman didn’t take no stuff/Wasn’t scared of nothing neither/Didn’t come in this world to be no slaves/And wasn’t going to stay one neither. . . .† (30)Silverstein, who was white and something of a counterculture figure, puts more whimsy into A Light in the Attic, and less of the child’s point of view than one finds in Greenfield.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Stop Thief† is a good example: â€Å"Policeman, policeman,/Help me please./Someone went and stole my knees./I’d chase him down but I suspect/My feet and legs just won’t connect.†Ã‚   (13)   His humor is less sweet than Greenfield, slyer and more openly comical; he writes as an adult using children as his subject and part of his audience.   In the limerick â€Å"Crowded Tub,† he draws on a common childhood experience:   â€Å"There’s too many kids in this tub./There’s too many elbows to scrub./I just washed a behind/That I’m sure wasn’t mine,/There’s too many kids in this tub.†Ã‚   (86)He uses a more objective voice than Greenfield, and while he writes from the child’s point of view, he also adds insights into children’s behavior that only an adult may have.   In â€Å"Friendship,† he comments on children’s bossiness with a jocular tone (indeed, he does not scold or moralize), and even his more bizarre poems lack malice or harm.   â€Å"Quick Trip,† which spreads a four-line poem across a four-page drawing of a lizard-like creature, is more humorous than frightening: â€Å"We’ve been caught by the quick-digesting Gink/And now we’re dodgin’ his teeth . . ./And now we are restin’ in his intestine/And now we’re back out on the street.†Ã‚   (116-119)   Silverstein depicts being swallowed by a monster as funny , with the speaker unharmed.Greenfield roots imagination more in everyday experiences and the kinds of escapist thought that a child like she might have been would have conceived.   Silverstein, meanwhile, draws less from experience and more from whimsy and humor, using a voice both adult and child-like.   Both authors rely on humor and imagination, albeit in different ways.

Literature Review-Fdi in Retail Essays

Literature Review-Fdi in Retail Essays Literature Review-Fdi in Retail Essay Literature Review-Fdi in Retail Essay RETAIL MARKETING PROJECT INTERIM REPORT LITERATURE REVIEW AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE GROWTH PROSPECTS AND PROFITABILITY OF FDI IN RETAIL SEGMENTS OF INDIA Submitted to: Prof. Sapna Parashar Date: 23-07-2008 Submitted by: Arnab Sinha 071108 INDEX INDEX2 CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS3 Summary of Retail Market in India and FDI in Indian Retail3 LITERATURE REVIEW5 1. Literature Review-15 2. Literature Review-25 3. Literature Review-36 4. Literature Review-47 5. Literature Review-57 GAP ANALYSIS8 REFERENCES9 CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS Summary of Retail Market in India and FDI in Indian Retail India tops the AT Kearneys annual Global Retail Development Index (GRDI) for the third consecutive year, maintaining its position as the most attractive market for retail investment. The Indian retail market, which is the fifth largest retail destination globally, according to industry estimates is estimated to grow from the US$ 330 billion in 2007 to US$ 427 billion by 2010 and US$ 637 billion by 2015. Subsequently, organized retail is likely to increase its share in the total retail market to 22 per cent by 2010. Indias vast middle class with its expanding purchasing power and its almost untapped retail industry are key attractions for global retail giants wanting to enter newer markets. With international brands like Tommy Hilfiger, Esprit and Puma (that have entered the country) growing well over 100 per cent, many others are also planning to foray into the Indian retail market. The Government allows 100 per cent foreign direct investment (FDI) in cash and carry through the automatic route and 51 per cent in single brand. Besides, the franchise route is available for big operators. To further attract global retailers, the economic survey 2007-08 has suggested a share for foreign equity in all retail trade and 100 per cent in respect of luxury brands and other specialized retail chains. The estimated growth of the Indian retail industry with sector wise specifications is given in the following two diagrams: LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Literature Review-1 Title: An Examination of International Retail Franchising in Emerging Markets Authors: Dianne H. B. Welsh, Ilan Alon and Cecilia M. Falbe Source: Journal of Small Business Management Volume 44 Issue 1, Pages 130 – 149, 6 Dec 2005 The article begins with an overview of the development of the literature and then discusses the nature and scope of emerging markets, with particular reference to their impact on the stakeholders of international retail franchising. Next, the article develops a conceptual model relating international retail franchising to its stakeholders. Then, a review of the research is divided into the areas of emerging world market: Central and Eastern Europe, Mexico and South America, Asia, and other areas that include India, Kuwait, and South Africa. The article concludes by discussing the next step to developing a research base for further understanding of emerging markets in addition to the opportunities and challenges for retail franchising and future research. 2. Literature Review-2 Title : Regional Business Networks and the Multinational Retail Sector, Long Range Planning Authors: Stephane J. G. Girod, Alan M. Rugman Source: International Marketing Review, Volume 38, Issue 4, August 2005, Pages 335-357 This article examines the network relationships of a set of large retail multinational enterprises (MNEs). The paper analyzes under what conditions a flagship-network strategy (characterized by a network of five partners – the MNE, key suppliers, key partners, selected competitors and key organisations in the non-business infrastructure) explains the internationalization of three retailers whose geographic scope, sectoral conditions and competitive strategies differ substantially. It explores why and when retailers will adopt a flagship strategy. The three firms are two U. K. -based multinational retailers (Tesco and The Body Shop) and a French-based global retailer (Moet Hennessy,Louis Vuitton). Evidence of strong network relationships for all three retailers is found, although each embraces network strategies for different reasons. Their flagship relationships depend on each retailers strategic use of firm-specific-advantages (FSA s) and country-specific advantages (CSA s). It infers that a flagship strategy can succeed in overcoming internal and/or environmental constraints to cross-border resource transfers, which are barriers to foreign direct investment (FDI). 3. Literature Review-3 Title: Foreign entry into British retailing, 1850-1994 Authors: Andrew Godley, Scott Fletcher Source: International Marketing Review; Volume: 17 Issue: 4/5; 2000 This paper traces the history of foreign direct investment in UK retailing since 1850. The results suggest that the upsurge of cross-border activity in the 1980s and early 1990s was exceptional in absolute terms. However, when compared to the most likely determinant of entry rates, consumer purchasing power, the recent upturn is best seen as a return, after several decades of relatively low entry rates, to the high level of FDI prevailing in the early twentieth century. Moreover, the paper concludes that cross-border retailing will continue to increase, and to do so at a rate close to twice that of the growth in consumer purchasing power. 4. Literature Review-4 Title: Sino-British joint ventures in China: Investment patterns and host country conditions Authors: Huaning Li, Colin M. Clarke-Hill European Business Review; Volume: 16 Issue: 1; 2004 This paper analyses the investment patterns of Sino-British joint ventures in China. The research is based on the data of 551 Sino-British joint ventures formed over the period of 1983 to 1996. It aims to provide an overview of Sino-British joint ventures investment in China and to explain the investment conditions. The article analyses the investment patterns from the dimensions of investment value, geographical location, industry sector and equity ownership. To explain the formation of the patterns, it further explores the host country factors of investment based on the policy framework, economic determinants and business facilitation. It reveals the investment trend, the uneven spatial distribution, the sectoral characteristics and the ownership structure of joint ventures. It also suggests that government economic strategy and policies towards FDI are imperative in shaping the investment patterns. Locational advantages, economic growth, industrial structures and reform process are major economic factors influencing the investment decisions. Decentralization of decision making and local governments facilitation efforts also play a complementary role in attracting foreign investment. . Literature Review-5 Title: Host economy impacts of transnational retail: the research agenda Authors: Neil M. Coe and Neil Wrigley Source: Journal of Economic Geography, April 21, 2007 The last decade has witnessed an acceleration of retail foreign direct investment into a range of emerging markets across East Asia, Central and Eastern Europe and Latin America, led by a small cohort of food and general merchandise retailers from West ern Europe, and to a lesser extent, North America. While these investment flows have had profound developmental impacts in host economies, research in this area is still in its infancy. This article therefore maps out a detailed research agenda with respect to the host economy impacts of transnational retailing. After setting the scene empirically and conceptually, the article considers different dimensions of these impacts on retail competitiveness, supply chain dynamics, consumption practices and consumer/civil society, institutional and regulatory frameworks and, reciprocally, on the retail transnational corporations themselves. It concludes by calling for a concerted interdisciplinary research effort into this important and understudied aspect of economic globalization. GAP ANALYSIS Most of the major work surrounding foreign investment in retail sector has focused upon planning strategies, host country conditions, franchising and investment opportunities and impact of cross border trade. Improvisation on these works will be done on the basis of investigating the scope of foreign investment in various retail segments, profitability across these sectors and a comparative analysis. Also impact of suitable parameters that can affect organized retailing and entry of foreign players will be evaluated through a regression analysis and significance will be tested. Also how government reforms should be undertaken will be recommended that will give a boost to retail sector in India and the economy as a whole. REFERENCES 1. ABI Inform Global, ABI Inform Trade Industry 2. EBSCO- Business Source Complete 3. ELSEVIER Science Direct 4. Price Waterhouse Coopers Analytical Publication 5. ibef. com 6. researchwiki. com 7. livemint. com

Polish Costumes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Polish Costumes - Essay Example This paper will look at the different Polish costumes which emerged in different regions of the country. The first part will look at most popular Polish costume, the Krakow costume which became the representation of Polish traditional dress in the world. As Poland is generally subdivided in two regions namely, Eastern and Western Krakowians, this paper will also explore the similarities and differences of the costumes wore in these geographic areas. Each country is often identified with its own national costume, which is also true with Poland. Among the regions, the strj krakowski (Krakw costume) is the favourite among the various regional costumes of Poland and has come to symbolize the traditional costume of Poland in general, especially abroad. From the time of their late nineteenth and early twentieth century boom, the Krakow costumes have gained wide popularity and acceptance among the Polish. With this, the Krakow costumes have been commonly worn among all the levels of social strata. They were described by folklorists, portrayed in paintings, prints and photographs. In the Krakow costumes, the women wear white shirts with broad sleeves and collars decorated with lace and paired with colorful vests with sequins and rich embroidery. Women's necks are adorned with strings of coral beads. The Krakow costume is also recognized with its flowery skirts in bold patterns which partly covered with white lace aprons plus multiple petticoats underneath. Girls wear wreaths of flowers with multi-colored ribbons in their braided hair while matured women prefer colorful, flowery kerchiefs. Matching these colorful costumes are high-laced red boots have heels with metal tips to emphasize each stamp, click, or jump. On the other hand, the men wear long, dark and embroidered coats over white shirts and embroidered vests. These are complemented with striped pants which are often in red and white in color and are tucked in high-laced boots. Their characteristic accessories include a special belt with decorative strings of small, jingling metal plates, as well as a square hat, topped with peacock feathers. The Krakow costumes, worn by both men and women, can be seen to be lavishly ornamented. The effect of multicolored skirts, together with the elaborate designs of vests, and exquisite embroidery, can be compared to the extravagant colorfulness of the peacock. As time progresses, the basic form of the Krakow costumes have been modified to take into account the different traditions and culture which emerged. During the peak of their development, the Krakow costumes can be widely grouped into two variations-the Western and Eastern Krakowians. Western Krakowians is the region from the rural farmland and industrial areas of the western part of the genre's range while the Eastern Krakowians is the area from the farmlands to the eastern part. Even though the boundary between the two could not be clearly determined, it is said to run approximately along a line marked out by the villages of Jdrzew, Miechw, Proszowice, Koszyce, and further out, between Bochnia and Brzesko. It is very crucial to identify the various differences between the two costumes as they often tell the village or region that a person came from. Costumes of the Western Krakowians

Leadership Capabilities Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Leadership Capabilities Assignment - Essay Example To succeed in today’s workplace and achieve a successful career goal, leadership skill is essential. This exercise has enabled me to understand my capability as a leader and see which areas I need to work on more to become a better, more effective leader. The first step of this exercise was to take a number of tests (questionnaires) that revealed my true leadership skill. Based on these skills, I created a leadership profile for myself, recognizing the styles I am most likely to use when in a leading position. Finally, I have identified key strengths and weak areas, based on which I have created a doable recommendations plan for myself. Results of Leadership Questionnaires 1. Leadership Traits Questionnaire The first questionnaire tested my leadership traits: fourteen important leadership traits have been indentified in this test and I was required to ask others (mostly friends and acquaintances) to rate me on those traits, followed by a self rating. The results compared my se lf-rating with the average rating that others gave me. Trait Raters    Self Rating 1 2 3 4 5 Average Articulate 2 3 5 4 3 3.4 5 Perceptive 4 3 5 3 4 3.8 2 Self confident 3 3 5 4 3 3.6 5 Self assured 4 3 5 4 4 4 4 Persistent 5 3 5 4 5 4.4 4 Determined 5 3 5 4 4 4.2 4 Trustworthy 5 4 4 5 3 4.2 4 Dependable 4 5 5 4 4 4.4 5 Friendly 3 5 5 5 5 4.6 5 Outgoing 4 5 5 4 5 4.6 5 Conscientious 5 5 4 5 5 4.8 5 Diligent 4 5 5 4 5 4.6 5 Sensitive 4 4 5 5 4 4.4 5 Emphatic 4 5 5 5 3 4.4 5 My self-rating and the average rating by others had a margin of  ±0.6 points on eleven of the traits, including outgoing, emphatic, sensitive and dependable. The ratings perfectly matched only once for self-assured. However, there were marked differences in three traits: for articulate and self-confident, my self-rating was 5 (highest possible), whereas the average scores given by others were 3.4 and 3.6, which fall in the average category. On the other hand, my self-rating for perceptive was 2, whereas others gave me an average score of 3.8 on this specific trait, markedly higher than my self-perception. Based on the results, I realize that most of my perceptions about my leadership traits are similar to what others think of me. 2. Skills Inventory The second test was for Skills inventory which measures three important leadership skills in a person, namely technical, human and conceptual skills. Based on my answers, my scores were: Skill Score Technical 19 Human 12 Conceptual 21 My scores for conceptual and technical skills are significantly higher than the score on my human skills. It is important to mention that in lower management, technical and human skills are most important. In middle level management all three are of equal importance. In upper level management, technical skills aren’t as important as human and conceptual skills. Based on the test results and this interpretation, I have a weakness in human skill. Human skill is one key skill that is required at every phase in one’s career as well as personal relationships. This area represents a key weakness that I need to proactively work on. 3. Style Questionnaire The style questionnaire tested which leadership style I predominantly use between task and relationship styles. Style Score Range Task 42 High Relationship 43 High My scores for both styles ranked ‘high’, displaying my tendency to use a combination of the styles with emphasis on both tasks and relationships. I prefer to

Christianity and Indigenous Communities Essay Example for Free

Christianity and Indigenous Communities Essay ?The question about Christianity and its full acceptance into Indigenous communities continues to linger on a fine line of whether Indigenous communities came to a consensus of compromising with the new religion or simply eradicating it by refusing to leave behind their traditional ways of believing and creating â€Å"spiritual† consciousness. Some scholars such as, Kevin Terraciano, in his chapter, â€Å"The People of Two Hearts and the One God from Castile,† argue that Christianity was not only rejected by acts of continuing Indigenous religious practices, but also mocked because it was thought to be a lie and inferior to the Indigenous people in Yanhuitlan and Coatlan; this new religion did not coincide with theirs . On the other hand, in her book, Biography of A Mexican Crucifx, Jennifer Hughes comes to conclude that Indigenous communities accepted Christianity through their own modes of seeing parallel paradigms of their life with the life of religious images such as the Cristo Aparecido from Totolapan. They came to see this image as a representation of their suffering , their colonial journey and their need for finding religious meaning in a newly evangelized land. In Terracianos, Two Peoples Heart, he subversively implies that Christianity was based on the idea that there had to exist some type of religious unity based on Catholicism. From this point, Indigenous population have been victims of racism, discrimination, disregard for their beliefs, uprooting and political marginalization. As Terraciano points out, in this process of â€Å"spiritual† conquest, domination can occur occur through methods of interrogation and punishment if found guilty, which was clearly the case during the Spanish Inquisition during the 16th century. Native lords were confronted both by friars, Dominicans and Spanish for their supposed allegiance to practicing â€Å"paganism,† and encouraging Indigenous communities to continue their reverence and offerings to their many â€Å"gods,† while on the surface make a menial space to pray to the â€Å"New God from Castile. † Terraciano explains how in order for Christianity to make itself dominant, the people of Yanhuitlan and Coatlan had to not only get rid of their ancestors images, burn them, but also force themselves to accept Christianity as their only â€Å"spiritual† choice. Nevertheless, Indigenous communities and to a great extent the native lords encouraged Indigenous communities to keep their faith intact . An example of this is given when, Don Fransciso, a native lord who was accused of â€Å"paganism, â€Å" and disruptive behavior stated that the people of Yanhuitlan were not to embrace Christianity, that their gods did not come from Castile, hence a result of this was the mockery of Yanhuitlan peoples both by verbal insults and gestures towards Native Christians, â€Å"There go the Christian Castile, the chickens,† (Terraciano, pg. 7) This shows us that the refusal to indoctrinate Christianity as part of a Yanhuitlan identity was obstruct by the continuing reinforcement that Indigenous communities e where reluctant to forgetting their ancient practices and beliefs. For instance when trialed, Don Francisco was asked if he knew any prayers in Latin, Castillan or Mixtec, he admitted that he knew two, but when asked to recite them, he said he could not remember them (Terraciano, 8). This once more reiterates through the examples given by Terraciano, that native lords saw Christianity as unimportant, they did not care to learn the way of Catholicism or become subservient to the â€Å"God of Castile. † â€Å"After mass, many nobles would drink pulque and joke around that they had not understood a word of the sermon† (Terraciano 8). Ultimately, with the â€Å"ambivalence† of Christianity also came the practice of certain ritual acts which often took place in small areas or carried out in a secluded place where the Indigenous people would be safe, as the lords began to denounce that their gods were angry and had brought upon drought and death to the Yanhuitlan community because some lords were weak enough to follow a â€Å"God† who could not save them from their hunger, even as he was called the almighty and powerful. In conclusion, what Terraciano delivers this idea of a power struggle that occurred within the communities of Yanhuitlan and Coatlan as to converting to Christianity and keeping their original religion as their primal way of religious consciousness and looking at Christianity with eyes of ambiguity and uselessness to their survival, both spiritual and physical. Nevertheless, for other scholars, their research has taken them to analyze the impacts of Christianity from a different perspective, one where both Christianity and Indigeneity mix, forming a culture of religious hybridism. As Jennifer Hughes states in her book, for the missionaries, Christianization in the â€Å"New World† was a genocide to all material of religious culture, it was a process of erasure, yet with this the Indigenous population was left with an spiritual emptiness, hence images such as the Cristo Aparecido became that fulfillement not only to their seek for religious authenticity, but also serving as some type of protective force against the legacy left by colonial conquest. For Hughes, the community of Tolopan accept this image of the Cristo Aparecido since the very beginning, to them

Free Color Purple Essays: The Characters of The Color Purple :: Color Purple Essays

The Characters of The Color Purple  Ã‚   In The Color Purple, by Alice Walker, Celie, Nettie, and Mr.______ are developed gradually throughout the novel and their actions all seem to be intertwined and what happens to one of them effects one if not both of the other two. There is a strong relationship between Celie and Nettie not just because they are siblings but because Nettie is one out of two people Celie loves, and this doesn't exist between Celie and any other of her siblings. There are various things that bring these two even closer, one being the discovery that they both come from a different father which Celie discover from a letter from Nettie which reads "...and I pray with all my heart that you get this letter, if none of the others. Pa is not our Pa." (182) and the one they thought was there flesh and blood father was actually only their step father. This brings them closer for it is so important and they are each others direct relatives for both parents are dead and they do not have any other brothers or sisters. The second point is that they keep in contact when Nettie is traveling to and from Africa. This is more or less an escape for Celie for she does not really have anyone except for Shug that she loves so the letters are a way for Celie to keep not only with Nettie but also her two children that she has only seen for a for a couple of days in her entire life. So the main bond between Nettie and Celie is one of love, and they demonstrate this by constantly trying to stay in touch even though they don't know if the other is receiving the letters. The relationship between Mr. ______ and Nettie changes drastically from love to hate. Nettie first introduces Mr. ______ into the story as the man she is going to marry, Celie says to Nettie one day "I say marry him, Nettie." but when the marriage is disallowed because she is to young plus pa wants to keep her in school, but Mr. ______ is given Celie along with a cow so in the marriage to Celie Mr. ______ realises he'll never get Nettie but he still loves her but Nettie begins to go off him, for his marriage to her sister.

Children and adults Essay

The Effective Early Learning Project based at Worcester University highlights two ways in which adults can help children progress; The first is the way the adult encourages the child to be autonomous, to get on and try new things; The second, is the way the adult offers experiences which are stimulating, challenging and interesting. Adults need to be a supporting factor when the child is in a ‘risky’ environment. Children and adults alike enjoy climbing trees; adults know when they are too high as do children. This is a whole other debate in terms of nature or nurture debate. This is where we could explore the idea of children learning to be safe when risk taking or is it already ‘there’. Stephenson (2003) wrote about a child on a swing, ‘Swinging was very popular with these younger children, but more often than the older children their reactions indicated that they felt unsafe and wanted the swing slowed down’. Therefore the child has taken the risk, has agreed a boundary, enjoyed the activity and acknowledged the safety aspect. The adult was there to ensure the safety and also make the activity a positive one by being readily available. Children must face all different kinds of risks in order to support their development and learning. Stine (1997) wrote that to support their learning and development is a complex issue. There always has to be provision for a physical challenge. More and more educational settings are using outdoor play/activity to challenge the children. Although, what is an acceptable risk to one person, may be completely the opposite of another. Bruce and Meggitt (2002) write that ‘outdoor space needs to be available most of the time’; They continue that, safety is the only consideration for keeping children in doors. Children can feel safe in ‘risk taking’ environments and activities in many ways. Initially the adult to child ratio, with a high number of adults’ children can be supported and helped to achieve. Secondly by minimising, if possible, the risk aspect. This could be ensuring the activity is a positive and acceptable environment. Thirdly by giving the children all the opportunities available for physical risk taking, children need a stimulating and challenging environment. And finally, a well maintained balance between the child’s safety and the challenge of the activity. In an educational setting, an adult carer will go to the ‘risk area’ and carry out an assessment. They will check the route to be taken, dangers in the area and also any area that poses extreme concern. An adult carer should also think about the child to adult ratio. A local nursery allows children to climb trees. Due to the child to adult ratio, the nursery feels that the level of risk posed can be curtailed by having by having the children supervised and supported through the activity by adults. The children are therefore enjoying the activity of risk taking, as well as feeling safe in knowing an adult is available to help at any time. Another factor that the adult carer should be aware of is the idea of making a child’s environment completely hazard free. Therefore taking away any risk or danger. Walsh (1993) thought that children in an environment that is completely ‘safe’ could become bored and this could lead to self initiated risk taking that could be dangerous. Durberry (2001) felt that children who grow up in an ultra safe environment would ‘lack confidence in their own physical ability’. This would be due to the poor opportunities for the children to build and extend upon their exiting knowledge. He continued that children had to be both confident and competent physically in order to feel competent emotionally. The ideals on risk taking vary from culture to culture. Although the main aim remains the same. The child needs to remain safe, but feel they are being challenged and stimulated. To minimise hazards there needs to be a high adult to child ratio. Children need opportunities to explore and do so independently. Over the last decade, the child’s freedom of choice has been limited. Adult carers are sometimes over anxious about letting the child experiment with risk taking. The procedures and guidelines that are in place give the adult carer a frame work on which to base their activities upon. The adult carer should exploit and become fluent in the procedures and guidelines in place. This in turn will provide groundwork for safe risk taking. Bibliography Smith, P., Cowie, H. & Blades, M. (2003) Understanding Children’s Development, London: Blackwell Publishing.  Bruce, T. & Meggitt, C. (2002) Childcare & Education, London: Hodder & Stoughton.  DfEE (2003) Early Years (Volume 23, Number 1), London: Taylor & Francis

A Brief Note On Compensation For Displaced People

Compensation for Displaced people Development-induced displacement uproot households from the land where their livelihoods insisted on and they produced food for their survival and lead reduction in food production and household’s income, break social ties and networks that community established local voluntary association for many years to support socially each during occasion of pleasures and heartbreak like Idir, Iqub and mahber ceased and families can separated from existing social organization where socio-economic support was vital and psychological problems raised, so compensation has been based on social vulnerability to avoid economic impoverishment, structurally capable in resolving the task of restoring income and livelihoods and†¦show more content†¦4.4.1.4- Risk and opportunity There are controversial viewpoint on the benefit and downsides of land grabbing. Civil society organization and peasant network from developing countries are concerned over impact on food security, the environment and human rights. Others welcome investment activities in developing countries as important steps for boosting economies. Land grabbing increase competition for land would lead higher land price and in turn the price of food increase. Local people in developing countries would become less able to afford food even it grown in their own country. These two view observed lack of concentration and make it in balance mood to serve both the society and the economic developments of the country and current Ethiopian research effort do not addressed the issue of good governance related to displacements and resettlement programmes and focused only on redevelopment programme and condominium housing constructions. Scholars and professionals including the community debate to reach on con sensus by minimizing the possible risk happening and maximizing its opportunity it has for society. 4.5-Interpretation and Discussion The arrangement of compensation payments for landholders or other individuals whose property or landholdings are taking away isShow MoreRelatedThe Between Hindu And Muslim Women1471 Words   |  6 Pages(Jagori 2004). Other than this, they have no access to any type of childcare access. They regularly leave their own kids alone while they go to deal with others youngsters. In their study on paid consideration specialists, Palriwala and Neetha (2009) note that domestic worker highlight their absence of access to institutional consideration offices that give quality care at reasonable rates in their neighborhoods. 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