Literature Review-Fdi in Retail Essays

Literature Review-Fdi in Retail Essays Literature Review-Fdi in Retail Essay Literature Review-Fdi in Retail Essay RETAIL MARKETING PROJECT INTERIM REPORT LITERATURE REVIEW AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE GROWTH PROSPECTS AND PROFITABILITY OF FDI IN RETAIL SEGMENTS OF INDIA Submitted to: Prof. Sapna Parashar Date: 23-07-2008 Submitted by: Arnab Sinha 071108 INDEX INDEX2 CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS3 Summary of Retail Market in India and FDI in Indian Retail3 LITERATURE REVIEW5 1. Literature Review-15 2. Literature Review-25 3. Literature Review-36 4. Literature Review-47 5. Literature Review-57 GAP ANALYSIS8 REFERENCES9 CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS Summary of Retail Market in India and FDI in Indian Retail India tops the AT Kearneys annual Global Retail Development Index (GRDI) for the third consecutive year, maintaining its position as the most attractive market for retail investment. The Indian retail market, which is the fifth largest retail destination globally, according to industry estimates is estimated to grow from the US$ 330 billion in 2007 to US$ 427 billion by 2010 and US$ 637 billion by 2015. Subsequently, organized retail is likely to increase its share in the total retail market to 22 per cent by 2010. Indias vast middle class with its expanding purchasing power and its almost untapped retail industry are key attractions for global retail giants wanting to enter newer markets. With international brands like Tommy Hilfiger, Esprit and Puma (that have entered the country) growing well over 100 per cent, many others are also planning to foray into the Indian retail market. The Government allows 100 per cent foreign direct investment (FDI) in cash and carry through the automatic route and 51 per cent in single brand. Besides, the franchise route is available for big operators. To further attract global retailers, the economic survey 2007-08 has suggested a share for foreign equity in all retail trade and 100 per cent in respect of luxury brands and other specialized retail chains. The estimated growth of the Indian retail industry with sector wise specifications is given in the following two diagrams: LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Literature Review-1 Title: An Examination of International Retail Franchising in Emerging Markets Authors: Dianne H. B. Welsh, Ilan Alon and Cecilia M. Falbe Source: Journal of Small Business Management Volume 44 Issue 1, Pages 130 – 149, 6 Dec 2005 The article begins with an overview of the development of the literature and then discusses the nature and scope of emerging markets, with particular reference to their impact on the stakeholders of international retail franchising. Next, the article develops a conceptual model relating international retail franchising to its stakeholders. Then, a review of the research is divided into the areas of emerging world market: Central and Eastern Europe, Mexico and South America, Asia, and other areas that include India, Kuwait, and South Africa. The article concludes by discussing the next step to developing a research base for further understanding of emerging markets in addition to the opportunities and challenges for retail franchising and future research. 2. Literature Review-2 Title : Regional Business Networks and the Multinational Retail Sector, Long Range Planning Authors: Stephane J. G. Girod, Alan M. Rugman Source: International Marketing Review, Volume 38, Issue 4, August 2005, Pages 335-357 This article examines the network relationships of a set of large retail multinational enterprises (MNEs). The paper analyzes under what conditions a flagship-network strategy (characterized by a network of five partners – the MNE, key suppliers, key partners, selected competitors and key organisations in the non-business infrastructure) explains the internationalization of three retailers whose geographic scope, sectoral conditions and competitive strategies differ substantially. It explores why and when retailers will adopt a flagship strategy. The three firms are two U. K. -based multinational retailers (Tesco and The Body Shop) and a French-based global retailer (Moet Hennessy,Louis Vuitton). Evidence of strong network relationships for all three retailers is found, although each embraces network strategies for different reasons. Their flagship relationships depend on each retailers strategic use of firm-specific-advantages (FSA s) and country-specific advantages (CSA s). It infers that a flagship strategy can succeed in overcoming internal and/or environmental constraints to cross-border resource transfers, which are barriers to foreign direct investment (FDI). 3. Literature Review-3 Title: Foreign entry into British retailing, 1850-1994 Authors: Andrew Godley, Scott Fletcher Source: International Marketing Review; Volume: 17 Issue: 4/5; 2000 This paper traces the history of foreign direct investment in UK retailing since 1850. The results suggest that the upsurge of cross-border activity in the 1980s and early 1990s was exceptional in absolute terms. However, when compared to the most likely determinant of entry rates, consumer purchasing power, the recent upturn is best seen as a return, after several decades of relatively low entry rates, to the high level of FDI prevailing in the early twentieth century. Moreover, the paper concludes that cross-border retailing will continue to increase, and to do so at a rate close to twice that of the growth in consumer purchasing power. 4. Literature Review-4 Title: Sino-British joint ventures in China: Investment patterns and host country conditions Authors: Huaning Li, Colin M. Clarke-Hill European Business Review; Volume: 16 Issue: 1; 2004 This paper analyses the investment patterns of Sino-British joint ventures in China. The research is based on the data of 551 Sino-British joint ventures formed over the period of 1983 to 1996. It aims to provide an overview of Sino-British joint ventures investment in China and to explain the investment conditions. The article analyses the investment patterns from the dimensions of investment value, geographical location, industry sector and equity ownership. To explain the formation of the patterns, it further explores the host country factors of investment based on the policy framework, economic determinants and business facilitation. It reveals the investment trend, the uneven spatial distribution, the sectoral characteristics and the ownership structure of joint ventures. It also suggests that government economic strategy and policies towards FDI are imperative in shaping the investment patterns. Locational advantages, economic growth, industrial structures and reform process are major economic factors influencing the investment decisions. Decentralization of decision making and local governments facilitation efforts also play a complementary role in attracting foreign investment. . Literature Review-5 Title: Host economy impacts of transnational retail: the research agenda Authors: Neil M. Coe and Neil Wrigley Source: Journal of Economic Geography, April 21, 2007 The last decade has witnessed an acceleration of retail foreign direct investment into a range of emerging markets across East Asia, Central and Eastern Europe and Latin America, led by a small cohort of food and general merchandise retailers from West ern Europe, and to a lesser extent, North America. While these investment flows have had profound developmental impacts in host economies, research in this area is still in its infancy. This article therefore maps out a detailed research agenda with respect to the host economy impacts of transnational retailing. After setting the scene empirically and conceptually, the article considers different dimensions of these impacts on retail competitiveness, supply chain dynamics, consumption practices and consumer/civil society, institutional and regulatory frameworks and, reciprocally, on the retail transnational corporations themselves. It concludes by calling for a concerted interdisciplinary research effort into this important and understudied aspect of economic globalization. GAP ANALYSIS Most of the major work surrounding foreign investment in retail sector has focused upon planning strategies, host country conditions, franchising and investment opportunities and impact of cross border trade. Improvisation on these works will be done on the basis of investigating the scope of foreign investment in various retail segments, profitability across these sectors and a comparative analysis. Also impact of suitable parameters that can affect organized retailing and entry of foreign players will be evaluated through a regression analysis and significance will be tested. Also how government reforms should be undertaken will be recommended that will give a boost to retail sector in India and the economy as a whole. REFERENCES 1. ABI Inform Global, ABI Inform Trade Industry 2. EBSCO- Business Source Complete 3. ELSEVIER Science Direct 4. Price Waterhouse Coopers Analytical Publication 5. ibef. com 6. researchwiki. com 7. livemint. com

Polish Costumes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Polish Costumes - Essay Example This paper will look at the different Polish costumes which emerged in different regions of the country. The first part will look at most popular Polish costume, the Krakow costume which became the representation of Polish traditional dress in the world. As Poland is generally subdivided in two regions namely, Eastern and Western Krakowians, this paper will also explore the similarities and differences of the costumes wore in these geographic areas. Each country is often identified with its own national costume, which is also true with Poland. Among the regions, the strj krakowski (Krakw costume) is the favourite among the various regional costumes of Poland and has come to symbolize the traditional costume of Poland in general, especially abroad. From the time of their late nineteenth and early twentieth century boom, the Krakow costumes have gained wide popularity and acceptance among the Polish. With this, the Krakow costumes have been commonly worn among all the levels of social strata. They were described by folklorists, portrayed in paintings, prints and photographs. In the Krakow costumes, the women wear white shirts with broad sleeves and collars decorated with lace and paired with colorful vests with sequins and rich embroidery. Women's necks are adorned with strings of coral beads. The Krakow costume is also recognized with its flowery skirts in bold patterns which partly covered with white lace aprons plus multiple petticoats underneath. Girls wear wreaths of flowers with multi-colored ribbons in their braided hair while matured women prefer colorful, flowery kerchiefs. Matching these colorful costumes are high-laced red boots have heels with metal tips to emphasize each stamp, click, or jump. On the other hand, the men wear long, dark and embroidered coats over white shirts and embroidered vests. These are complemented with striped pants which are often in red and white in color and are tucked in high-laced boots. Their characteristic accessories include a special belt with decorative strings of small, jingling metal plates, as well as a square hat, topped with peacock feathers. The Krakow costumes, worn by both men and women, can be seen to be lavishly ornamented. The effect of multicolored skirts, together with the elaborate designs of vests, and exquisite embroidery, can be compared to the extravagant colorfulness of the peacock. As time progresses, the basic form of the Krakow costumes have been modified to take into account the different traditions and culture which emerged. During the peak of their development, the Krakow costumes can be widely grouped into two variations-the Western and Eastern Krakowians. Western Krakowians is the region from the rural farmland and industrial areas of the western part of the genre's range while the Eastern Krakowians is the area from the farmlands to the eastern part. Even though the boundary between the two could not be clearly determined, it is said to run approximately along a line marked out by the villages of Jdrzew, Miechw, Proszowice, Koszyce, and further out, between Bochnia and Brzesko. It is very crucial to identify the various differences between the two costumes as they often tell the village or region that a person came from. Costumes of the Western Krakowians

Leadership Capabilities Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Leadership Capabilities Assignment - Essay Example To succeed in today’s workplace and achieve a successful career goal, leadership skill is essential. This exercise has enabled me to understand my capability as a leader and see which areas I need to work on more to become a better, more effective leader. The first step of this exercise was to take a number of tests (questionnaires) that revealed my true leadership skill. Based on these skills, I created a leadership profile for myself, recognizing the styles I am most likely to use when in a leading position. Finally, I have identified key strengths and weak areas, based on which I have created a doable recommendations plan for myself. Results of Leadership Questionnaires 1. Leadership Traits Questionnaire The first questionnaire tested my leadership traits: fourteen important leadership traits have been indentified in this test and I was required to ask others (mostly friends and acquaintances) to rate me on those traits, followed by a self rating. The results compared my se lf-rating with the average rating that others gave me. Trait Raters    Self Rating 1 2 3 4 5 Average Articulate 2 3 5 4 3 3.4 5 Perceptive 4 3 5 3 4 3.8 2 Self confident 3 3 5 4 3 3.6 5 Self assured 4 3 5 4 4 4 4 Persistent 5 3 5 4 5 4.4 4 Determined 5 3 5 4 4 4.2 4 Trustworthy 5 4 4 5 3 4.2 4 Dependable 4 5 5 4 4 4.4 5 Friendly 3 5 5 5 5 4.6 5 Outgoing 4 5 5 4 5 4.6 5 Conscientious 5 5 4 5 5 4.8 5 Diligent 4 5 5 4 5 4.6 5 Sensitive 4 4 5 5 4 4.4 5 Emphatic 4 5 5 5 3 4.4 5 My self-rating and the average rating by others had a margin of  ±0.6 points on eleven of the traits, including outgoing, emphatic, sensitive and dependable. The ratings perfectly matched only once for self-assured. However, there were marked differences in three traits: for articulate and self-confident, my self-rating was 5 (highest possible), whereas the average scores given by others were 3.4 and 3.6, which fall in the average category. On the other hand, my self-rating for perceptive was 2, whereas others gave me an average score of 3.8 on this specific trait, markedly higher than my self-perception. Based on the results, I realize that most of my perceptions about my leadership traits are similar to what others think of me. 2. Skills Inventory The second test was for Skills inventory which measures three important leadership skills in a person, namely technical, human and conceptual skills. Based on my answers, my scores were: Skill Score Technical 19 Human 12 Conceptual 21 My scores for conceptual and technical skills are significantly higher than the score on my human skills. It is important to mention that in lower management, technical and human skills are most important. In middle level management all three are of equal importance. In upper level management, technical skills aren’t as important as human and conceptual skills. Based on the test results and this interpretation, I have a weakness in human skill. Human skill is one key skill that is required at every phase in one’s career as well as personal relationships. This area represents a key weakness that I need to proactively work on. 3. Style Questionnaire The style questionnaire tested which leadership style I predominantly use between task and relationship styles. Style Score Range Task 42 High Relationship 43 High My scores for both styles ranked ‘high’, displaying my tendency to use a combination of the styles with emphasis on both tasks and relationships. I prefer to

Christianity and Indigenous Communities Essay Example for Free

Christianity and Indigenous Communities Essay ?The question about Christianity and its full acceptance into Indigenous communities continues to linger on a fine line of whether Indigenous communities came to a consensus of compromising with the new religion or simply eradicating it by refusing to leave behind their traditional ways of believing and creating â€Å"spiritual† consciousness. Some scholars such as, Kevin Terraciano, in his chapter, â€Å"The People of Two Hearts and the One God from Castile,† argue that Christianity was not only rejected by acts of continuing Indigenous religious practices, but also mocked because it was thought to be a lie and inferior to the Indigenous people in Yanhuitlan and Coatlan; this new religion did not coincide with theirs . On the other hand, in her book, Biography of A Mexican Crucifx, Jennifer Hughes comes to conclude that Indigenous communities accepted Christianity through their own modes of seeing parallel paradigms of their life with the life of religious images such as the Cristo Aparecido from Totolapan. They came to see this image as a representation of their suffering , their colonial journey and their need for finding religious meaning in a newly evangelized land. In Terracianos, Two Peoples Heart, he subversively implies that Christianity was based on the idea that there had to exist some type of religious unity based on Catholicism. From this point, Indigenous population have been victims of racism, discrimination, disregard for their beliefs, uprooting and political marginalization. As Terraciano points out, in this process of â€Å"spiritual† conquest, domination can occur occur through methods of interrogation and punishment if found guilty, which was clearly the case during the Spanish Inquisition during the 16th century. Native lords were confronted both by friars, Dominicans and Spanish for their supposed allegiance to practicing â€Å"paganism,† and encouraging Indigenous communities to continue their reverence and offerings to their many â€Å"gods,† while on the surface make a menial space to pray to the â€Å"New God from Castile. † Terraciano explains how in order for Christianity to make itself dominant, the people of Yanhuitlan and Coatlan had to not only get rid of their ancestors images, burn them, but also force themselves to accept Christianity as their only â€Å"spiritual† choice. Nevertheless, Indigenous communities and to a great extent the native lords encouraged Indigenous communities to keep their faith intact . An example of this is given when, Don Fransciso, a native lord who was accused of â€Å"paganism, â€Å" and disruptive behavior stated that the people of Yanhuitlan were not to embrace Christianity, that their gods did not come from Castile, hence a result of this was the mockery of Yanhuitlan peoples both by verbal insults and gestures towards Native Christians, â€Å"There go the Christian Castile, the chickens,† (Terraciano, pg. 7) This shows us that the refusal to indoctrinate Christianity as part of a Yanhuitlan identity was obstruct by the continuing reinforcement that Indigenous communities e where reluctant to forgetting their ancient practices and beliefs. For instance when trialed, Don Francisco was asked if he knew any prayers in Latin, Castillan or Mixtec, he admitted that he knew two, but when asked to recite them, he said he could not remember them (Terraciano, 8). This once more reiterates through the examples given by Terraciano, that native lords saw Christianity as unimportant, they did not care to learn the way of Catholicism or become subservient to the â€Å"God of Castile. † â€Å"After mass, many nobles would drink pulque and joke around that they had not understood a word of the sermon† (Terraciano 8). Ultimately, with the â€Å"ambivalence† of Christianity also came the practice of certain ritual acts which often took place in small areas or carried out in a secluded place where the Indigenous people would be safe, as the lords began to denounce that their gods were angry and had brought upon drought and death to the Yanhuitlan community because some lords were weak enough to follow a â€Å"God† who could not save them from their hunger, even as he was called the almighty and powerful. In conclusion, what Terraciano delivers this idea of a power struggle that occurred within the communities of Yanhuitlan and Coatlan as to converting to Christianity and keeping their original religion as their primal way of religious consciousness and looking at Christianity with eyes of ambiguity and uselessness to their survival, both spiritual and physical. Nevertheless, for other scholars, their research has taken them to analyze the impacts of Christianity from a different perspective, one where both Christianity and Indigeneity mix, forming a culture of religious hybridism. As Jennifer Hughes states in her book, for the missionaries, Christianization in the â€Å"New World† was a genocide to all material of religious culture, it was a process of erasure, yet with this the Indigenous population was left with an spiritual emptiness, hence images such as the Cristo Aparecido became that fulfillement not only to their seek for religious authenticity, but also serving as some type of protective force against the legacy left by colonial conquest. For Hughes, the community of Tolopan accept this image of the Cristo Aparecido since the very beginning, to them

Free Color Purple Essays: The Characters of The Color Purple :: Color Purple Essays

The Characters of The Color Purple  Ã‚   In The Color Purple, by Alice Walker, Celie, Nettie, and Mr.______ are developed gradually throughout the novel and their actions all seem to be intertwined and what happens to one of them effects one if not both of the other two. There is a strong relationship between Celie and Nettie not just because they are siblings but because Nettie is one out of two people Celie loves, and this doesn't exist between Celie and any other of her siblings. There are various things that bring these two even closer, one being the discovery that they both come from a different father which Celie discover from a letter from Nettie which reads "...and I pray with all my heart that you get this letter, if none of the others. Pa is not our Pa." (182) and the one they thought was there flesh and blood father was actually only their step father. This brings them closer for it is so important and they are each others direct relatives for both parents are dead and they do not have any other brothers or sisters. The second point is that they keep in contact when Nettie is traveling to and from Africa. This is more or less an escape for Celie for she does not really have anyone except for Shug that she loves so the letters are a way for Celie to keep not only with Nettie but also her two children that she has only seen for a for a couple of days in her entire life. So the main bond between Nettie and Celie is one of love, and they demonstrate this by constantly trying to stay in touch even though they don't know if the other is receiving the letters. The relationship between Mr. ______ and Nettie changes drastically from love to hate. Nettie first introduces Mr. ______ into the story as the man she is going to marry, Celie says to Nettie one day "I say marry him, Nettie." but when the marriage is disallowed because she is to young plus pa wants to keep her in school, but Mr. ______ is given Celie along with a cow so in the marriage to Celie Mr. ______ realises he'll never get Nettie but he still loves her but Nettie begins to go off him, for his marriage to her sister.

Children and adults Essay

The Effective Early Learning Project based at Worcester University highlights two ways in which adults can help children progress; The first is the way the adult encourages the child to be autonomous, to get on and try new things; The second, is the way the adult offers experiences which are stimulating, challenging and interesting. Adults need to be a supporting factor when the child is in a ‘risky’ environment. Children and adults alike enjoy climbing trees; adults know when they are too high as do children. This is a whole other debate in terms of nature or nurture debate. This is where we could explore the idea of children learning to be safe when risk taking or is it already ‘there’. Stephenson (2003) wrote about a child on a swing, ‘Swinging was very popular with these younger children, but more often than the older children their reactions indicated that they felt unsafe and wanted the swing slowed down’. Therefore the child has taken the risk, has agreed a boundary, enjoyed the activity and acknowledged the safety aspect. The adult was there to ensure the safety and also make the activity a positive one by being readily available. Children must face all different kinds of risks in order to support their development and learning. Stine (1997) wrote that to support their learning and development is a complex issue. There always has to be provision for a physical challenge. More and more educational settings are using outdoor play/activity to challenge the children. Although, what is an acceptable risk to one person, may be completely the opposite of another. Bruce and Meggitt (2002) write that ‘outdoor space needs to be available most of the time’; They continue that, safety is the only consideration for keeping children in doors. Children can feel safe in ‘risk taking’ environments and activities in many ways. Initially the adult to child ratio, with a high number of adults’ children can be supported and helped to achieve. Secondly by minimising, if possible, the risk aspect. This could be ensuring the activity is a positive and acceptable environment. Thirdly by giving the children all the opportunities available for physical risk taking, children need a stimulating and challenging environment. And finally, a well maintained balance between the child’s safety and the challenge of the activity. In an educational setting, an adult carer will go to the ‘risk area’ and carry out an assessment. They will check the route to be taken, dangers in the area and also any area that poses extreme concern. An adult carer should also think about the child to adult ratio. A local nursery allows children to climb trees. Due to the child to adult ratio, the nursery feels that the level of risk posed can be curtailed by having by having the children supervised and supported through the activity by adults. The children are therefore enjoying the activity of risk taking, as well as feeling safe in knowing an adult is available to help at any time. Another factor that the adult carer should be aware of is the idea of making a child’s environment completely hazard free. Therefore taking away any risk or danger. Walsh (1993) thought that children in an environment that is completely ‘safe’ could become bored and this could lead to self initiated risk taking that could be dangerous. Durberry (2001) felt that children who grow up in an ultra safe environment would ‘lack confidence in their own physical ability’. This would be due to the poor opportunities for the children to build and extend upon their exiting knowledge. He continued that children had to be both confident and competent physically in order to feel competent emotionally. The ideals on risk taking vary from culture to culture. Although the main aim remains the same. The child needs to remain safe, but feel they are being challenged and stimulated. To minimise hazards there needs to be a high adult to child ratio. Children need opportunities to explore and do so independently. Over the last decade, the child’s freedom of choice has been limited. Adult carers are sometimes over anxious about letting the child experiment with risk taking. The procedures and guidelines that are in place give the adult carer a frame work on which to base their activities upon. The adult carer should exploit and become fluent in the procedures and guidelines in place. This in turn will provide groundwork for safe risk taking. Bibliography Smith, P., Cowie, H. & Blades, M. (2003) Understanding Children’s Development, London: Blackwell Publishing.  Bruce, T. & Meggitt, C. (2002) Childcare & Education, London: Hodder & Stoughton.  DfEE (2003) Early Years (Volume 23, Number 1), London: Taylor & Francis

A Brief Note On Compensation For Displaced People

Compensation for Displaced people Development-induced displacement uproot households from the land where their livelihoods insisted on and they produced food for their survival and lead reduction in food production and household’s income, break social ties and networks that community established local voluntary association for many years to support socially each during occasion of pleasures and heartbreak like Idir, Iqub and mahber ceased and families can separated from existing social organization where socio-economic support was vital and psychological problems raised, so compensation has been based on social vulnerability to avoid economic impoverishment, structurally capable in resolving the task of restoring income and livelihoods and†¦show more content†¦4.4.1.4- Risk and opportunity There are controversial viewpoint on the benefit and downsides of land grabbing. Civil society organization and peasant network from developing countries are concerned over impact on food security, the environment and human rights. Others welcome investment activities in developing countries as important steps for boosting economies. Land grabbing increase competition for land would lead higher land price and in turn the price of food increase. Local people in developing countries would become less able to afford food even it grown in their own country. These two view observed lack of concentration and make it in balance mood to serve both the society and the economic developments of the country and current Ethiopian research effort do not addressed the issue of good governance related to displacements and resettlement programmes and focused only on redevelopment programme and condominium housing constructions. Scholars and professionals including the community debate to reach on con sensus by minimizing the possible risk happening and maximizing its opportunity it has for society. 4.5-Interpretation and Discussion The arrangement of compensation payments for landholders or other individuals whose property or landholdings are taking away isShow MoreRelatedThe Between Hindu And Muslim Women1471 Words   |  6 Pages(Jagori 2004). Other than this, they have no access to any type of childcare access. They regularly leave their own kids alone while they go to deal with others youngsters. In their study on paid consideration specialists, Palriwala and Neetha (2009) note that domestic worker highlight their absence of access to institutional consideration offices that give quality care at reasonable rates in their neighborhoods. 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